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Remedies for non-performance：Perspectives from CISG, UNIDROIT Priniciples and PECL


INTRODUCTION


The growth of international trade makes some kind of unification necessary. Increased trade overseas has drawn attention to the problems that are caused by the different ways in which countries have chosen to regulate international sales. And the legal community has tried to facilitate overseas trade through efforts to harmonize national laws by legislative or non-legislative means.
Against such a background, the analysis in this contribution is focused on the CISG, UNIDROIT Principles and PECL -- three of the most important international instruments for the regulation of international commercial transactions which combine elements from both civil law and common law systems. In so doing, this contribution provides a comparative analysis of these instruments. It is merely thought that comparison is, probably, one of the most efficient ways to underline some of the unique features inherent in some legal regimes and to develop solutions to existing theoretical problems. However, as most of the authors dealing with the vast domain of this area would have done, the author in this contribution has never meant to make an exhaustive examination of international commercial law, bearing in mind that the ability of a single contribution to deal with its many issues is limited. The approach offered here is to review some of the key issues frequently befell in international trade, based on those generally accepted principles or elaborate rules as evidenced by international restatements or conventions and usages and practices or so-called lex mercatoria that is widely known to and regularly observed in international commercial transactions.
Particularly, it is said that no aspect of a system of contract law is more revealing of its underlying assumptions than is the law that prescribes the relief available for non-performance (breach). Issues relating to the remedial provisions are difficult and central substantive issues, which will no doubt be the focus of a large part of the discussion and deliberation surrounding application of commercial law on both a domestic and an international level. Therefore, the study in this contribution focuses, in light of traditional and modern theories, on the remedial scheme established under each of the three bodies of rules, namely Part III (partial) of the CISG, Chapter 7 of the UNIDROIT Principles and Chapters 8 and 9 of the PECL. In practical terms, these sectors are the substantive heart of the particular instruments. It is where the corresponding solutions to a large proportion of real world disputes in commercial transactions are to be found.
The comparative analysis contained speculates on the potential similarities and differences of these sectors, intending to enunciate rules which are common in international commercial law and at the same time to select the solutions which seem best adapted to the special requirements of international trade. One should note, however, that to the extent this contribution doesn’t give absolute priority to any one of the three instruments, whenever it is necessary to choose between conflicting rules and sometime then to derive a number of general principles which apply to all of the rules, what’s decisive to the criterion used is not just which rule is mandatory or adopted by the majority of jurisdictions, but rather which of the rules under consideration have the most persuasive value and/or appear to be particularly well suited for international commercial transactions.

Summary of Contents

PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration
Chapter 2 Remedies Available upon Non-performance

PART II PRESERVING PERFORMANCE
Chapter 3 Specific Performance
Chapter 4 Nachfrist for Late Performance
Chapter 5 Cure by Non-performing Party
Chapter 6 Price Reduction for Non-conformity

PART III TERMINATION
Chapter 7 Right to Termination
Chapter 8 Fundamental Non-performance
Chapter 9 Anticipatory Non-performance
Chapter 10 Termination of Breached Installment or Part
Chapter 11 Declaration of Termination
Chapter 12 Effects of Termination

PART IV DAMAGES
Chapter 13 General Measure of Damages
Chapter 14 Limits to Claims for Damages
Chapter 15 Damages upon Termination
Chapter 16 Agreed Payment for Non-performance
Chapter 17 Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees
Chapter 18 Payment of Interest

PART V EXCUSES
Chapter 19 Change of Circumstances
Chapter 20 Force Majeure
Chapter 21 Hardship
Chapter 22 Force Majeure & Hardship Clauses

Table of Contents


PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration
海关总署


批转九龙海关《关于进口货物卖方同时提供百分之一同样货物作为“免费补偿”征免税问题的请示》
海关总署


九龙海关在《关于进口货物卖方同时提供百分之一同样货物作为“免费补偿”征免税问题的请示》中所提的意见，我署同意。现转发给你们，请参照执行。如果在实际到货中确有残损、短少，请按海关法第一二0条规定办理减免。

附件：关于进口货物卖方同时提供百分之一同样货物作为“免费补偿”征免税问题的请示
自从海关恢复计征关税以来，我们注意到有些经营单位如深圳友谊商店、各省轻工业进出口公司、广东省食品进出口分公司、广东省粮油食品进出口分公司、深圳食品出口支公司等，进口的纸烟、酒、可口可乐、显象管及套装收录联合机，甚至“免税商店”进口的纸烟，卖方均（据说
是商业习惯）在进口的同时，提供了百分之一的同样货物作为“免费补偿”（也有称为“免费样品”、“无偿赠送样品”、“损耗补偿”或“ＳＡＭＰＬＥＳ ＦＲＥＥ ＯＦ ＣＨ－ＡＲＧＥ”等）送给买方，有些在合约上已予注明如“免费提供1％的显象管作为质量保证系数”，这类
百分之一“免费补偿”的进口货物，为数是相当可观的。我们作了一个不完全的统计：一月份进口征税的计有纸烟6，850箱，每箱50条，白兰地酒200箱，每箱12瓶，套装收录联合机1，750台，显象管2，946只；二月份进口的计有可口可乐14，194箱，每箱24罐
，“免税商店”纸烟1，350箱，每箱50条，在二月份有一份报关单，广州市友谊公司进口500台电视机，同时进口不作价同型电视机20台及讯号发生器1台，这是在订购合约上注明的。
过去我们考虑这些物品数量不多，且大都是属于补偿性质，所以都没有征收关税。而有些申报单位认为，海关既不收税，有的不在报关单上申报；有的拿回去私分或变卖处理。
我们认为过去对“免费补偿”货物给以免税待遇是缺乏根据的，而且数量越来越多，容易产生漏洞和弊病。虽然卖方是免费提供给买方，但对我们海关来说，仍属有价的货物而且在进口报关时，整批货物都是完整无损的，因此，对这类“免费补偿”的货物，我们拟按规定照章征税。
至于“免税商店”进口的百分之一损耗补偿的纸烟，目前仍在海关登记监管之下售给出境旅客，尚未出现什么大的问题。今后如要内销或作内部处理，则应按照进出口税则补征关税。



1980年6月5日